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ylTHLETIC 
LIBRARY 

Basket Ball 



for 



Women 

Edited by HISS SENDA BERENSON, 
of Smith College, Northampton, Mass. 



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Line Basket Ball 

or 

Basket Ball for Women 

As Adopted by the Conference on Physical 
Training, held in June, 1899, at 
Springfield, Mass. 



Also Articles on the Game by Dr. Luther Gulick, 
Dr. Theodore Hough, Dr. A. Bertha 
Foster, and Miss Senda 
Berenson. 



Edited by Senda Berenson 



For publication by the 

American Sports Publishing Company 

16 and 18 Park Place, New York 
Copyright, 1901, by the American Sports Publishing Company, New York 



>.<f: [ THE LIBRARY OF 
I CONGRESS, 

,.t. ■ I T*o Cop»£s Received 

HJN, U "1902 

J 4|X50PVRIOHT ENTRY 

/Unr J.fCfQt 

(CLASS A XXa No. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Diagram of Field of Play ...... Frontispiece 



Editorial, Senda Berenson ....... 5 

Official Note, Dr. A. Bertha Foster, Chairman of Committee . . 8 

Psychological Effects of Basket Ball for Women, Dr. Luther Gulick . 11 

Physiological Effects of Basket Ball for Women, Theodore Hough, Ph.D. 15 

Significance of Basket Ball for Women, Senda Berenson . , . 20 

Rules 28 

Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Five on Team , 44 

" " " " Six on Team .... 45 

" " " " Seven on Team . • • 46 

" " " " Eight on Team ... 47 

M " " " Nine on Team . • • 48 

" " " " Ten on Team . . , 49 

How te Score Basket Ball, Dr. Luther Gulick ..... 50 



EDITORIAL 



Senda Berenson 

BASKET BALL was invented by Dr. *James Naismith, about 
January of 1892. It was invented particularly for the Y. M. 
C. A. Training School, at Springfield, Mass., and in all 
probability, Dr. Naismith had no idea it would ever be played by 
women. 

However, directors of gymnasia for women saw at once that it 
was, perhaps, the game they were eagerly seeking — one that should 
not have the rough element of foot ball, yet should be a quick, 
spirited game: — should cultivate strength and physical endurance, and 
should be interesting enough to become a part of physical training 
for women as foot ball and base ball are for men. They saw at once 
that it had many elements of success required for such a game, and 
forthwith attempted it as part of their gymnastic work. Its success 
proved far beyond their expectations. It was only necessary to try it 
to have it become most popular wherever it was played. The col- 
leges for women found it a boon. The physical training schools took 
it up, and their women graduates spread it all over the country. To- 
day there are few gymnasia for women where basket ball is not a 
part of their curriculum, and hundreds of basket ball teams are 
formed yearly in all our cities by women who play the game at regu- 
lar times during the winter. It is by far the most popular game that 
women play. 

Experience with the game, however, soon proved that its one great 
fault is its tendency to roughness, and that in order to overcome this 
tendency some modifications would be necessary. Nothing is more 
conclusive of this than the fact that the majority of women who play 
the game, do so with more or less modifications. Dr. Sargent made 
some changes and had his rules printed. His Normal School pupils 
play the game with his rules and it is natural to infer that the pupils 
teach it with his modifications. The Boston Normal School of Gym- 
nastics has printed modified rules of its own, and its graduates teach 
it with these rules. Miss Clara Baer, of Newcomb College, made 
many changes, and had her rules printed, calling the game "Bas- 



6 BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 

quette." Lewis, Drexel, and Pratt Institutes play the game with 
modified rules. Vassar, Radcliffe, Lake Forest University, Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin, and Smith play with more or less modifications. 
At Smith College the game was played with modifications- as early as 
the autumn of 1892. The preparatory schools and normal schools 
who play with some changes are too numerous to mention. 

One has a natural antipathy against making changes in rules pre- 
viously established. The fact that the majority of women find it 
necessary to change the rules of basket ball to suit their needs seems 
significant. 

All this has brought about a great cause for dissatisfaction; namely, 
that scarcely two institutions of education for women play with pre- 
cisely the same rules. Most of them play with changes of some sort, 
but each institution uses the changes it has made for itself. 

At the Conference of Physical Training held at Springfield. Mass., 
from June 14 to 28, 1899, a committee was appointed to investigate 
this matter and to draw up rules which should voice the different 
modifications used all over the country as much as possible. 

This committee consisted of Alice Bertha Foster, Director of 
Physical Training for Women, Oberlin College, Chairman ; Ethel 
Perrin, Instructor of Gymnastics, Boston Normal School of Gym- 
nastics; Elizabeth Wright, Director of Physical Training, Radcliffe 
College,; Senda Berenson, Director of Physical Training, Smith 
College. 

The committee offered the following report: 
The Committee respectfully recommends 

First — That the Conference give its approval to the publication 
of a set of rules for Basket Ball for Women, based on the official 
rules, but with such modifications as seem desirable. 

Second— That these rules be offered for publication either with 
the Spalding Official Rules, or by the Spalding Athletic Library, 
together with some articles discussing the use of the game by women. 

Third— That the leading institutions wherein the game is played 
by women be consulted, asking suggestions as to modifications 
thought necessary. ********* 

Fourth — That this guide be edited by Miss Senda Berenson of 
Smith College. 

Fifth — That the changes made in the rules be as follows: * * * 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



7 



The report and rules were read for approval before the Conference 
and discussed. The Conference voted unanimously that the report be 
accepted and rules adopted and printed. 

The rules offered in this pamphlet seem to the Committee to voice 
the wisest changes of those used all over the country. On the other 
hand, they are not put forth as final, and the Committee will be glad 
of suggestions from any one who thinks further changes necessary. 

Suggestions should be sent to Dr. A. B. Foster, Oberlin College, 
Oberlin, Ohio; or to Miss Senda Berenson, Smith College, North- 
hampton, Mass. 



OFFICIAL NOTE 

Alice Bertha Foster, M. D. 

Chairman Basket Ball Committee of the Springfield Conference, June, 1899. 

IF the whole trouble were known about that quarrel of Cain and 
Abel, I believe we should find that the real root of it all lay in 
their difference of occupation. People who lack the common 
ground of sympathy that comes by working side by side, by similar 
methods, for similar ends, are the ones who need boards of arbitra- 
tion. Sympathy must rest on understanding; and few of us are able 
to achieve true understanding of others' positions, save by some par- 
allel or related experience of our own. 

IsTo military commander dreams of minimizing the value of uniform 
dress as to psychic effect. The flag means to the soldier not only the 
*' State " for which he fights, and the wife and children at home, but 
it means even more dynamically that other men are fighting by his 
side, other regiments in the line, other brigades in the field, other 
armies in the past and the future, all lending him the incalculable 
support of sympathetic action. 

It means a sense that his own personality and identity are extended 
through all the thousands thus proved to have, with him, a common 
ground of experience, understanding and sympathy. 

What the flag is to the army, that should the standard rules be to 
basket ball. 

The psychic value is the first and greatest claim for uniformity in a 
newly developing sport. 

Practical advantages are of next importance. If all the institutions 
playing by "modified rules" will unite on an accepted standard, 
many very desirable things will be gained. 

There will be an absolute standard of appeal in doubtful cases. 

A player going from one Y. M. C. A. to another, from one city's 
club to another, or from preparatory school to college, will be able to 
enter instantly on an equal footing with all. There will be no fixed 
habits of automatic action to undo; no new rules to be memorized; 
no little differences to balk her instant action and waste precious 
fractions of a second by need for conscious thought. 

What rules are truly for the best good of players and game will be 

8 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



9 



known to all and used by all, so that no especially valuable point dis- 
covered by one band of players will be lost to others. 

Each home of the game has, of course, its own environment to con- 
sider, and all minor details must be settled accordingly; but there 
appears no valid reason why the actual playing of the game cannot 
conform most advantageously to one carefully compiled and popu- 
larly accepted standard. 

The work of this committee has been an earnest attempt to com- 
bine and unify the varying products of experience in many places, so 
that the composite may be one which all playing by "modified rules" 
may be willing to accept. 

The rules here offered are not put forth as conclusive. If, in the 
future, reason shall appear either for further modifications, or for a 
return toward the " Basket Ball " from which *« Line " Basket Ball 
has differentiated, future committees will have all the liberty we had, 
and shall also have our cordial sympathy and support. 

A word as to my own position in this matter: I believe there are 
many places where " modified rules" should most certainly be used; 
there are many players who, having tried both, pi-efer these. For all of 
them a common standard is of immense value. If I ever find myself 
in a place where " modified rules" seem best, I shall certainly con- 
sider the rules adopted and put forth, as these are, as the consensus 
of wide experience and many individual judgments as the true 
standard. 

Personally, however, I believe that there are places where it is 
still safe and satisfactory to play the original game, with but one 
change. Six years' observation of college play has convinced me that 
the game, as played by men, is just a little beyond women's physical 
power. I believe the intensity of strain can be, however, sufficiently 
reduced by one change. I would forbid taking the ball from an 
opponent's hands; substituting a time limit. At present almost every 
prominent college or other institution has made that change; and 
four years' oversight of the health records of one that has not, has 
convinced me that it should be made. The possibility, however, of 
satisfactorily playing the game with this change alone depends on 
a great many circumstances, and in many institutions I believe it 
would be most unwise. My reasons for hoping to see the original 



10 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



game (with the one change) still played in some places I shall hope to 
give elsewhere. 

Here, I may say with utmost sincerity, that among those using 
modified rules, I hope these may find acceptance and give satisfaction. 



THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 
BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 

By Luther Gulick, M. D. 

IT is not my purpose to discuss the details of team-play, nor to 
explain especial plays or formations. I desire to call attention 
to the bearings of the psychology of team-play upon some of the 
more fundamental matters concerning the nature of woman and her 
place in our civilization. 

By team-play I mean the play of individuals in such a way as to 
advance the interests of the team as contrasted with the interests of 
the individual. To illustrate : a player (A) has the ball and can 
throw for goal, or she can pass the ball 'to a player (B) nearer to the 
goal and having a better opportunity to cage the ball. Individual 
interest will lead (A) to throw for the goal. She may take it, and 
thus win for herself the credit for a brilliant play. This is one of 
the faults of beginners and always of selfish players. If (A) looks 
mainly to the interests of the team, she must forego her own chance 
S&t prominence and must play the ball to (B) who will secure from 
the crowd the credit, much of which in this case really belongs to (A). 
In case (A) throws directly for the goal and makes it, she is not thereby 
justified in the play; she should be censured by the coach or captain. 
Ill the long run such a player, who puts her own interests above that 
of the team, will prove a detriment to the team. 

Team-work means the frequent subordination of self-interests to 
the interests of the team. The individual shines mainly in the general 
glory of the team. 

The single instance given is but a simple illustration of what 
characterizes basket ball. A team of moderate players, but who 
play well together, who play a strong team game, will defeat a team 
of experts who play each one for himself. This has been repeatedly 
demonstrated. It was clearly shown in the national championships 
in which a team of the best of experts was beaten for two years by 
teams whose individual players did not excel, but whose team-work 
was better.^ 

This subject of team-play has most important bearings. The 



II 



12 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



necessity for team-play is characteristic of base ball, foot ball, cricket, 
and a few subsidiary games, such as lacrosse, hockey, etc. It is not 
characteristic of track and field sports, nor of any other great national 
sports. These games demanding team-play are played by Anglo- 
Saxon peoples, and by these peoples alone, and may thus be said to 
be a differentiating characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon adolescent 
male. 

It is also important to notice that these games are not played till 
the teens are reached. Little boys may play these games, but they 
rarely play more than an individual game; real team-work is rare 
among them. This fact acquires significance when we remember that 
during adolescence great psychological changes occur in the boy 
among which the growth of altruism is prominent. 

What is its nature ? What, are the mental and moral demands of 
teamwork? They are, of course, higher than those of individual 
play. One may or may not choose to use the word altruism in such a 
relation, but this loyalty to the team when such loyalty puts self in 
the background certainly is made out of the same kind of stuff as is 
altruism. It is loyalty to a larger unit than self. It is, ethically, of a 
higher order than is individual play. This team loyalty is very like 
the tribal loyalty of early savage life. Those tribes in Whom the 
men were loyal to the tribe, even more than to self, would, other 
things being equal, conquer those who were still on the individual 
plane. The deep nature of the instinct that has led to the develop- 
ment of these games is thus shownr/ 

My experience and observation ever since Mr. Naismith invented 
the game is that it is more difficult to get women to do team-work 
than it is to get men to do so. In what way may this be explained? 
It is idle to say that men are more self-sacrificing than are women # 
A comparative study of men's and women's relation to their children 
is ample evidence on this point. What facts maybe explanatory? 
Boys play games in a way that girls do not. Boys play on the street, 
and have a kind of rough and "give and take" education among their 
fellows that is far more intense than is the corresponding education 
of girls. But this is insufficient to account for the marked difference 
in the interest and adaptability that women seem to have for team 
games. In easts that | have seen where there has been equal oppcr- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



13 



tunity for girls to acquire the team spirit, they have not acquired it 
to anything like the same extent that boys have. We must look 
deeper than the mere circumstances of early environment to account 
for this phenomena. In a careful study of boys' gangs, not yet pub- 
lished, that has been made by Mr. T. J. Browne, this spirit of loyalty 
to the team, or loyalty to the gang, has been worked out with 
thoroughness. He has shown that most boys during adolescence 
form spontaneous groups that often maintain their personelle for 
years, exerting a great influence upon the life of the individual. 
The boy will be loyal to the group to which he belongs often more 
than he will to even his own parents. One finds corresponding 
spontaneous grouping among girls, but not to the same extent, nor 
are the societies so persistent nor so inclusive of all the interests. of 
the individual. 

Another class or group of facts that would demand investigation 
bearing upon this general topic is the treatment that women give 
each other on the street, in the electric car, and while shopping. It 
is a matter of common comment, for which there must be a modicum 
of ground, that women are more often inconsiderate of each other as 
strangers than are men. I do not attempt to justify the comment, 
but suggest the line of inquiry. 

It is a patent fact also that men form societies to an indefinitely 
larger extent than do women; not only secret societies, but societies 
for all sorts of purposes. Man's life appears to take more naturally 
to organization than does woman's. Man's life appears to be related 
more to loyalty to groups, while the woman's life seems to be more 
related to loyalty to the home and its interests. Geddes & Thomson, 
Fiske, Drummond, and others, have called attention to the great 
significance of the maternal instinct in the development of altruism 
in the individual, and indeed maintain that this instinct is the tap 
root of altruism in the race. Without going into an extended discus- 
sion of the matter, I wish to call attention to the fact that the kind of 
altruism displayed by men is more related to teams or groups than it 
is to the family, while the altruism of women does dominate with 
reference to husband and children and the more remote relations that 
constitute the larger family. 

This apparent large digression I have entered into in order that 



1.4 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



we might see the significance of the discipline that comes to woman 
through the playing of such a game as basket ball. When it is done 
in a thoroughly scientific way with primary attention to team-work, 
it calls for qualities that are rather unusual, or at least calls for these 
qualities to an unusual extent. 

We are in a time of great unrest in regard to the status of woman. 
She is entering many lines of work that hitherto have been carried on 
entirely by men. We are hearing such brilliant voices as that of 
Mrs. Stetson, who voices and brings to consciousness the feelings of 
many women. Whatever may be the outcome of this time of unrest, 
there certainly must grow among women a kind of loyalty to each 
other, of loyalty to the groups in which they naturally are formed, 
that is greater than obtains at present. Loyalty to the team and the 
playing of team-work appears to me to be no mean factor in the de- 
velopment and expression of this quality upon which our civilization 
rests — the capacity for co-operation, the capacity for being willing 
to set aside a part even of one's own rights in order to win the larger 
benefits of co-operative endeavor. 



THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 
BASKET BALL 
& 

By Theodore Hough, Ph.D. 

A RECENT paper by Dr. Leo Luntz, gives results which are of 
great importance in studying the physiology of basket ball. 
In this paper it is shown that the amount of carbon-dioxide 
given off and of oxygen consumed by the body is vastly greater dur- 
ing bicycle riding that it is during walking, and that ic is also much 
greater than we should suspect from our feelings of fatigue. It is, 
moreover, a common experience with most wheelmen that a ride 
which involves but little effort will produce profuse perspiration. In 
other words, cycling involves, even on level ground, a very large 
amount of muscular work, and so of oxidation without producing 
marked sensations of fatigue. 

Two points in the explanation of this fact are of importance to us: 
First, the feeling of fatigue is not a reliable measure of the amount of 
muscular work which is being done; the fatigue of walking, for ex- 
ample, comes largely from the joints, and where we relieve these of 
the weight of the trunk, and from jar, as we do in wheeling, very 
much more work can be done with less feeling of effort; secondly, 
while walking demands of some muscles, such as those of the calf of 
the leg, an amount of work out of all proportion to that which other 
muscles perform, bicycle riding makes no such disproportionate de- 
mands on any one group of muscles; the work is more distributed 
and hence is less felt, but when the sum total of work done by all 
muscles is added, it is found to be much greater than was the case in 
walking. 

This greater amount of work involves the production of a greater 
amount of carbon-dioxide and a greater consumption of oxygen by the 
muscles; in other words, increased demands are made on the respira- 
tory mechanism, which consists, on the one hand, of the nerve centres, 
nerves, and muscles of respiration and, on the other, of the heart and 
the blood vessels. We can thus see at once that such exercise in- 
volves the respiration of greater quantities of air and an increased 
output of blood per minute on the part of the heart; and the more or 



15 



i6 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



less profuse perspiration already referred to is, of course, an effort to 
get rid of the increased amount of heat produced by the working 
muscles. 

I have referred thus at length to these observations of Luntz on 
bicycle riding because they give us the most accurate observations 
upon the physiological conditions which obtain during such games as 
basket ball; here again we have a form of exercise which brings into 
simultaneous action large numbers of muscles, although no one muscle 
is worked excessively; even when the ball is in play in some other 
part of the field, a player must be on the qui vive, which means, phy- 
siologically, a state of slight contraction of great numbers of muscles; 
this of itself involves a considerable sum total of oxidation which, of 
course, becomes much greater during the more active work of run- 
ning, jumping, throwing, etc. In all such games, as in bicycle 
riding, more work is done than we are conscious of, and while this 
work does not produce feelings of fatigue, it does involve very greatly 
increased effort on the part of the heart and of the muscles of 
respiration. 

Considerations of these facts shows us at once when it becomes 
physiologically unsafe to play basket ball. It is evidently not safe to 
do so when the heart is unable to perform with comparative ease the 
increased work required of it; and this may be the case first, in cer- 
tain diseases of the heart, and secondly, when the player has not been 
taking muscular exercise for some time, and so is " out of training." 

This is not the place to discuss the relations of the various forms 
of heart disease to such games. In some of them it is unsafe to play; 
in others, playing under proper restrictions is a good thing. It is for 
the physician to say in any individual case whether it is safe to play 
or not. 

An equally practical matter is the necessity for training as a pre- 
paration for such games. Basket ball does not at once impose on the 
heart conditions which are unfavorable for its work; it merely 
doubles, we will say, the demand upon it for work; indeed, the key 
to the whole matter is that, for respiratory and other purposes, the 
heart must pump very much more blood in the same time. A portion 
of that part of its cycle which is normally given to the rest of diastole 
and pause must be sacrificed to the systole, which thus comes to con- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



17 



sume a larger proportion of the total time of the cycle. In this way 
are introduced the conditions of fatigue, and it is simply a question 
whether the heart can stand this more fatiguing work; in other words, 
it is a question of how well trained it is. One may as well expect 
good results in a skeletal muscle by going into a four-mile run with- 
out previous training as to expect good results in the heart by going 
into a game of basket ball under like conditions; and the danger in 
both cases comes chiefly from the undue prolongation of the work; 
especially is this true of basket ball. As long as play continues the 
muscles are producing these largely increased quantities of carbon- 
dioxide, and the heart is being stimulated to get this to the lungs for 
removal from the body; and, if this demand is made on a heart which 
is not strong enough to endure prolonged work, trouble may result. 

It is perfectly clear that the danger may be diminished, indeed, 
practically obviated, if we lessen at first the duration of play and in- 
crease the time of rest; or, if at the first we play but one-half of ten 
minutes. The danger is also lessened if not obviated by the modifi- 
cations used at many of our women's colleges and institutions, and 
embodied in the rules given in this number. That these modifica- 
tions do avoid the danger is indicated by the following facts which 
have come to my notice; no doubt others can give similar evidence: 

Two of our women's colleges have used basket ball for a number of 
years. One of them has used the Y. M. C. A. rules, the other the 
modified rules; in both of them the players were under medical super- 
vision. At the former school there have been a suspicious number of 
cases of "bicycle" hearts among basket ball players. At the latter, 
not only has this trouble not occurred, but during moderate use of the 
game (once weekly, with four weekly gymnasium exercises) from 
November to March, several first-year students with exactly this 
trouble became perfectly normal and played on the class team. It 
seems to me that the division of the field into three parts with the 
consequent limitation of the possible amount of exertion gives an 
amply sufficient explanation of these results. 

This leads us to the great physiological use of games like basket 
ball in physical training. Gymnastic work excels all other work in 
corrective value, and is needed in the conditions of our modern school 
life for this-reason. There can also be no doubt that it can and, as 



i8 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



far as possible, ought to be given so as to train a certain amount of 
what is called endurance; that is, the ability to maintain moderate 
work for long periods of time, or vigorous work for fairly long periods 
of time. But gymnastics is not a convenient, and it is very doubtful 
if it is ever a practical means of doing all in this direction that an all- 
round physical training demands. With the exception of marching 
and running, gymnasium work involves rather the vigorous use of 
muscles for very short periods at a time rather than the continuance 
of muscular activity for longer periods of time. It is the latter form 
of work which adds up most in the end, and produces the largest 
quantities of carbon-dioxide, and so calls on the heart and the respira- 
tory apparatus for most vigorous work. And this very vigorous work 
is the only means of training the heart and respiratory apparatus to 
that degree of strength and endurance which enable them to meet any 
demand that the conditions of life may make upon them. This, of 
itself, is a strong reason for the use of such exercises, of which no 
better example can be found than basket ball. 

We can refer only in the most general way to the hygienic effect 
of such vigorous exercise; that is, the effect in maintaining health each 
day. Muscular exercise is one of the physiological conditions of 
health; it produces conditions in the organism without which its in- 
herited structure cannot maintain for long a healthy life. These 
physiological conditions are numerous and complicated; one of them, 
however, is so closely connected with what has already been explained 
that it maybe used as an example of the rest: The increased breath- 
ing movements make themselves felt beneficially in all parts of the 
body, aiding in the flow of the nutrient fluids (lymph) around the 
cells and so in" the nutrition of the living units of the organism. The 
man or woman who does nothing to induce vigorous breathing is run- 
ning a far greater hygienic risk than when one drinks a glass of water 
from the notoriously bad water supply of some of our American cities. 

There is a third important physiological effect of such games. In 
the history of individual development no fact is so plainly written as 
that "whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." Especially 
is this true of the nervous system which requires efficient control 
over the movements of the body only as the body carries out, over 
and ®ver again, such movements as demand the most rapid and com- 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



19 



plicated response on the part of the nervous system; and it requires 
but a moment's reflection to see that these games meet these require- 
ments to a remarkable extent, probably, indeed, as nothing else does. 
The writer has heard of a case where it became necessary for two 
young ladies who had played basket ball to dodge a runaway horse, 
which they did successfully. They themselves believe that they 
would not have escaped uninjured except for having played a game 
of the kind. The cautious scientist is slow in expressing an opinion 
on a specific case of this kind, but he need have no hesitancy in 
asserting that such games train to a remarkable degree the power of 
the nervous system to do the right thing at the right time in order to 
meet sudden and unexpected situations; and this is a kind of muscu- 
lar control which it is well worth while to acquire. 

We may sum up the results of the previous discussion as follows: 
Basket ball involves a large amount of work with a proportionately 
small element of conscious fatigue. It consequently makes larger 
demands on the heart and other organs of respiration than the player 
realizes, and in this lies its danger. This danger can be successfully 
avoided, however, by- proper attention to training and by proper 
regulation of the game itself; indeed, we may add that few other 
games can be so easily regulated to meet this end. When so regu- 
lated, it is in every way a good thing for the heart which it trains to 
strength and endurance. It moreover trains the co-ordinating nerve 
centres to a high degree of muscular control, and, above all, it is a 
most efficient agent in producing those general hygienic effects of 
muscular exercise which constitute the chief reason for the use of 
muscular exercise at all. 



THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BASKET BALL 
FOR WOMEN 

By Senda Berenson 

IN competitive games one of two strong forces must become all- 
important. One will either abandon one's self to instinct and 
impulse in the quickness of action and intense desire for victory, 
and hence develop rough and vicious play; or, eliminating brute and 
unfair play, one's powers are put into developing expert playing, 
quickness of judgment and action, and physical and moral self- 
control. 

Much of the element of rough play in games comes more from ex- 
citement and the desire to win at all and any cost than from inborn 
viciousness of character. Many players are ashamed of their conduct 
in games in their calmer moments. That is as it should be. The 
great danger lies in the fact that rough and unfair play, the results at 
first of impulse and carelessness, become strong forces in vitiating the 
characters of the players by developing another standard of morals 
for athletics than the one held for conduct in life. 

Not only is this standard for athletics held by athletes, but a great 
number of the community at large seem to think certain elements in 
athletics perfectly fair, that from an ethical point of view are as bad 
as lying or stealing. "All is fair in love and war" we are told; cer- 
tain games are mimic war; hence every action is justifiable in games. 
A young friend, apparently earnest, ambitious and honorable, told 
me with all seriousness that if you take all the objectionable features 
out of a game you take all the fun out of it — there is nothing left; 
that it really isn't so bad " to wind " or injure a man in foot ball in 
order to weaken the other side. I heard a good old minister, who 
was preaching to a community of college men say, emphasizing his 
remarks with his fist on the reading desk. " When we play a game of 
foot ball, what is our object? It is to win; nothing else counts; we 
go in to win." His very tones implied, "win at all hazards, by fair 
means or foul, do anything, but in the end win." 

The greatest element of evil in the spirit of athletics in this country 
is the idea that one must win at any cost — that defeat is an unspeak- 
able disgrace. Most of the brutality and unfairness come from this. 



20 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



It is of course human nature to desire to win — to succeed in any un- 
dertaking. But I do believe that we need to cultivate the spirit that 
fair play comes first — defeat or victory afterwards. If victory is the 
result, we can congratulate ourselves on winning because of expert 
and clean work; if defeat, we can comfort ourselves with the thought 
that we did our best and were beaten fairly. Failure is as necessary 
in life as success, if those who fail profit by the experience. "We 
fall to rise, are baffled to fight better." I have no sympathy with 
narrow-minded people who see no good in athletics because of the 
few objectionable features in them. I would not be understood as 
believing that hard, earnest playing is objectionable. Just such play- 
ing is the best to bring out manliness and fearlessness in a youth. 
But it is because I believe that competitive games are such tremendous 
forces for good as well as for evil that I would have those elements in 
them encouraged which bring out the love of honor, courage and fair 
play, and eliminate those which encourage the taking advantage of 
laws, cruelty, brutality and unfairness. 

All that precedes applies to athletics generally. I want to speak, 
however, on athletic sports for women in particular. 

Within the last few years athletic games for women have made such 
wonderful strides in popularity that there are few directors of physical 
training who do not value them as an important part of their work. 
They have become popular, too, not as the outcome of a "fad." but 
because educators everywhere see the great value games may have in 
any scheme of education. Gymnastics and games for women are 
meeting less and less opposition, and gaining larger numbers of warm 
supporters because our younger generation of women are already 
showing the good results that may be obtained from them in better 
physiques and greater strength and endurance. 

Now that the woman's sphere of usefulness is constantly widening, 
now that she is proving that her work in certain fields of labor is 
equal to man's work and hence should have equal reward, now that 
all fields of labor and all professions are opening their doors to her, 
she needs more than ever the physical strength to meet these ever in- 
creasing demands. And not only does she need a strong physique, 
but physical and moral courage as well. 

Games are invaluable for women in that they bring out a9 nothing 



22 



BASKET BALL FOR "WOMEN 



else just these elements that women find necessary today in their en- 
larged field of activities. Basket ball is the game above all others 
that has proved of the greatest value to them. Foot ball will never 
be played by women, and base ball is seldom entered into with spirit. 
Basket ball is played with deep earnestness and utter unconsciousness 
of self. Certain elements of false education for centuries have made 
woman self-conscious. She is becoming less so, but one finds women 
posing even in tennis and golf. It is impossible to pose in basket 
ball. The game is too quick, too vigorous, the action too continuous 
to allow any element to enter which is foreign to it. It develops 
quick perception and judgment — in one moment a person must judge 
space and time in order to run and catch the ball at the right place, 
must decide to whom it may best be thrown, and at the same time 
must remember not to "foul." It develops physical and moral 
courage, self-reliance and self-control, the ability to meet success and 
defeat with dignity. 

It is said that one of woman's weaknesses is her inability to leave 
the personal element out of- thought or action. If this is so — and 
there is some ground for such a supposition — a competitive game like 
basket ball does much to do away with it. Success in this game can 
be brought about only by good team-play. A team with a number of 
brilliant individual players lacking team-work will be beaten always 
by a team of conscientious players who play for each other. This 
develops traits of character which organization brings; fair play, im- 
personal interest, earnestness of purpose, the ability to give one's 
best not for one's own glorification but for the good of the team — the 
cause. 

But just as basket ball may be made an influence for good so may 
it be made a strong influence for evil. The gravest objection to the 
game is the rough element it contains. Since athletics for women are 
still in their infancy, it is well to bring up the large and significant 
question: shall women blindly imitate the athletics of men without 
reference to their different organizations and purpose in life; or shall 
their athletics be such as shall develop those physical and m«ral ele- 
ments that are particularly necessary for them ? We can profit by the 
experience of our brothers and therefore save ourselves from allowing 
those objectionable features to creep into our athletics that many men 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



23 



are seriously working to eliminate from theirs. Since all new move- 
ments swing from the extreme of degeneracy or inertness to the ex- 
treme enthusiasm of newly acquired powers, unless we are most 
careful we shall allow that enthusiasm and power to run away with 
our reason. It is a well known fact that women abandon themselves 
more readily to an impulse than men. Lombroso tells us that women 
are more open to suggestion, more open to run to extremes than men. 
This shows us that unless we guard our athletics carefully in the 
beginning many objectionable elements will quickly come in. It also 
shows us that unless a game as exciting as basket ball is carefully 
guided by such rules as will eliminate roughness, the great desire to 
win and the excitement of the game will make our women do sadly 
unwomanly things. 

This has already been proved. A basket ball match game was 
played several years ago between the teams of two of our normal 
schools. One team had been trained to play with the Y. M. C. A. 
rules; the other with modified rules. Since neither team wished to 
change its method of play, the first half was played by each team 
according to its own rules. The game was so rough that the second 
half was played by both teams with the modified rules. Let me 
quote from a paper commenting on this game : 

"Probably no finer exhibition of basket ball playing by women has 
ever been seen in this country than the game played by these two 
teams during the last ha.H of their contest. As a possibility of what 
women can show in the way of skill, alertness, accuracy, coolness and 
presence of mind under trying circumstances, and still be ladies, the 
game was a revelation to many present. 

"To my mind the important lesson of this game, and the one that 
should make it a memorable one, is that a courteous consideration of 
an opponent, even in an antagonistic game, does not necessarily 
diminish a team's chances for victory,' 1 ' 

Another instance; a basket ball team composed of refined women, 
in one of our New York cities, was challenged to play a game by a 
team just out of their town. The occasion was not only to be an 
athletic but a great social event. The visiting team had played with 
modified rules; the other with rules for men. The playing was not 
only rough to a degree, but the spirit shown toward the guests who 



24 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



■were beating, by their opponents and their friends, was what one 
would think quite impossible in women who had any regard for the 
ordinary courtesies of life. Rough and vicious play seems worse in 
women than in men. A certain amount of roughness is deemed 
necessary to bring out manliness in our young men. Surely rough 
play can have no possible excuse in our young women. 

Of course, these two cases and similar instances of which I have 
heard do not prove that many of our women who play basket ball do 
so in an undesirable way. They are sufficient, however, to make us 
pause and consider whether they are not enough to prove that we 
need to free the game from anything that might lead to objectionable 
play. And here a serious question may be raised as to whether it is 
for the best interests of women to go into inter-scholastic games. 

However, just this fact that women are more open to suggestion is 
an encouraging one, for it shows us that they can the more easily be 
lead to right thought and action. This can be seen by the splendid 
results of clean sport and good spirit gained wherever basket ball has 
been guarded by careful rules and strict discipline. 

But just here I must say that not only is it necessary to modify the 
game somewhat, but the physical director and umpire cannot appre- 
ciate too fully the responsibility of their positions. The best of rules 
will be no protection to one who does not insist on fair play and does 
not umpire most conscientiously. It is also important that the cap- 
tain of the team shall not only be a good basket ball player, but one 
who represents the best athletic spirit. I may say that the spirit of 
athletics in our colleges and schools for women is what the director of 
the gymnasium makes it. The right spirit is not gained by autocratic 
methods, but by almost imperceptible suggestion and strong example. 
If the physical director takes it for granted that athletics can be no 
other than fair and honorable, her spirit will be imbibed uncon- 
sciously by her pupils. 

The modifications in the rules contained in this pamphlet were 
carefully considered and are entirely the fruit of experience. The 
two important changes are the division of the playing field and the 
prohibiting of snatching or batting the ball from the hands of another 
player, 

The division of the gymnasium or field into three equal parts, and 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



25 



the prohibiting of the players of one division from running into the 
domain of another seems an advantage for many reasons. It does 
away almost entirely with "star" playing, hence equalizes the im- 
portance of the players, and so encourages team work. This also 
encourages combination plays, for when a girl knows she cannot go 
over the division line to follow the ball, she is more careful to play 
as well as possible with the girls near her when the ball comes to her 
territory. The larger the gymnasium the greater is the tax on in- 
dividual players when the game is played without lines. It has been 
found that a number of girls who play without division lines have de- 
veloped hypertrophy of the heart. The lines prevent the players 
from running all over the gymnasium, thus doing away with unneces- 
sary running, and also giving the heart moments of rest. On the 
other hand, the lines do not keep the players almost stationary, as 
some believe. A player has the right to run anywhere she may please 
in her own third of the gymnasium. 

The divisions, then, concentrate energy, encourage combination 
plays, equalize team work and do away with undue physical exertion. 

Allowing snatching or batting the ball from another person's hand 
seems the greatest element toward encouraging rough play in the 
game. It is apt to encourage personal contact; it has an intrinsic 
quality that goes against one's better nature; it has an element of in- 
sult in it. When a player gets the ball it should be hers by the laws 
of victory, ownership, courtesy, fair play. To prevent this rule, how- 
ever, from making the game slow and spiritless, a rule was made that 
a player. should not be allowed to hold the ball longer than three 
seconds under penalty of a foul. Preventing snatching or batting the 
ball has also developed superb jumping; for a player knows that since 
she cannot snatch the. ball away from her opponent, by jumping in the 
air as high as possible she may catch the ball before it gets to her 
opponent. 

When the game was first started many saw the danger of "drib- 
bling." The objectionable element was done away with by not 
allowing the players to bounce the ball more than three consecutive 
times or lower than the knee. Since then the Y. M. C. A. rules have 
done away with dribbling altogether. It seems a good rule to elimi- 
nate it when the game is played without division lines — where a 



26 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



player by dribbling can easily get from one basket to the other — but 
that necessity is overcome with division lines. To allow a player to 
bounce the ball three times gives an opportunity for having posses- 
sion of the ball longer than three seconds when she wishes to use a 
signal or combination play. On the other hand, by demanding that 
the ball shall be bounced higher than the knee gives a quick opponent 
a fair opportunity to bat the ball away when it is between the floor 
and the player's hands. 

Of course, if bouncing the ball becomes a nuisance — and one never 
knows what peculiar play will become popular — it can easily be 
remedied by doing away with it altogether until the team appreciates 
that it is a great advantage if used in moderation, a great hindrance 
if used to an extent. 

The original rules allow only five on a team. We have changed 
the rule to allow any number from five to ten players on a team. My 
own conviction is that the smallest number of players should be six 
instead of five, for when the game is played with division lines the 
work in the centre is much too hard for one player. Some of the 
strongest and quickest work is done in the centre. The size of the 
gymnasium should decide the number of players on a team. If a 
gymnasium is~40x30 feet, it stands to reason that fewer players are 
necessary to meet all the hygienic and recreative requirements of the 
game than where the floor is 100x60. In one of our colleges ten play 
on a team because the players find they can bring about better com- 
bination plays with four centres. The dimensions of their gymnasium 
is 108x60 feet — large enough to allow this increased number. 

Should people imagine that these modifications take the fire and 
spirit out of the game, they can either try it with their own teams 
"without prejudice," or witness a game where such modifications are 
adopted to be convinced of their mistake. Perhaps it may not be out 
of place to quote some passages from an account which appeared in 
one of our leading newspapers with reference to a game played with 
modified rules at one of our colleges for women : «« The playing was 
very rapid and extremely vigorous. From the time the ball went into 
play until a goal was tossed there was no respite. The playing could 
not properly be called rough. There was not an instance of slugging, 
but the ball was followed by the players with rushes, much the way 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



27 



it is on the gridiron. One who supposes it is a simple or weak game 
would be surprised to see the dash and vigor with which it is entered 
into. It is a whirl of excitement from start to finish, and yet, with 
all the desperate earnestness and determination with which the game 
is played, there is excellent control and much dexterity shown. 
There is splendid temper and true sportswomanlike spirit in the 
game. The services of a referee to end a dispute are seldom needed, 
and there are no delays on account of kicking. The amount of phy- 
sical strength and endurance which is cultivated is readily apparent. 
One might suppose that it would be a namby pamby exhibition with 
much show, many hysterical shrieks and nothing of an athletic con- 
test; but nothing could be more contrary to facts. True, there is no 
slugging or exhibition of roughness, but the play is extremely vigorous 
and spirited, and is characterized by a whirl and dash that is surpris- 
ing to the uninitiated. The possession of self-control, both of temper 
and physical action, was clearly in evidence yesterday, even during 
the most exciting stages of the game." 



OFFICIAL RULES 

Adopted at the Physical Conference, at Springfield, 
Mass., June, 1899. 

J» 

RULE I. . 

gro unds. Section i . Basket Ball may be played on any 
grounds free from obstruction, said grounds 
not to exceed 3, 500 square feet of actual play- 
ing space. 

Boundary lines. Sec. 2. There must be .a well - defined line 
marked around the floor or field. The side 
boundaries shall be at least three feet from the 
wall or fence. The end boundaries shall be 
directly below the surface against which the 
goal is placed. This line shall form the 
boundary of the field of play. 

Division lines. Sec. 3. The field shall be divided into three 
equal parts by field lines, parallel to the end 
boundary lines. 

RULE II. 

ball. Section i. The ball shall be round; it shall 
be made of a rubber bladder covered with a 
size of ball, leather case; it shall be not less than 30 nor 
more than 32 inches in circumference; the 
limit of variableness shall not be more than 
one-fourth of an inch in three diameters ; it 
shall weigh not less than 18 nor more than 20 
ounces. 

Sec. 2. The ball shall be tightly inflated and 
so laced that it cannot be held by the lacing, 
and otherwise in good condition. 

28 



BASKET BALL POR WOMEN 



Sec. 3. The ball made by A. G. Spalding & Official Bail 
Bros., and bearing the written signature of 
the Secretary of the A. L. N. A., Dr. Luther 
Gulick, shall be the official ball. Official balls 
will be in boxes having the handwritten sig- 
nature of Dr. Gulick across the wrapper. 

RULE III. 

Section i. The goals shall be hammock goals. 
nets of cord, suspended from metal rings 18 
inches in diameter (inside). The rings shall 
be placed 10 feet above the ground in the 
centre of the short side of the actual playing 
field. The inside rim shall extend 6 inches size and location 
from the surface of a flat perpendicular screen °f ' g° als > 
or other rigid surface measuring at least 6 feet 
horizontally and 4 vertically. If a screen is 
used it must not extend more than one foot 
below the upper edge of the goal. 

Sec. 2. The goals shall be rigidly supported 
from below. There must be no projections 
beyond the sides nor above the upper edge of 
the goal. 

Sec. 3. The goal made by A. G. Spalding 
& Bros, shall be the official goal. 

RULE IV. 

Section i. Teams shall number not less TEAMS. 
than five nor more than ten members. 

RULE V. 

Section i. The officials shall be a Referee, officials. 



30 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



officials. 



two Umpires, a Scorer, Timekeeper and four 
linesmen; two from each side. 

RULE VI. 

captains. Section i. Captains shall be indicated by 
each side previous to the commencement of a 
match; they must be players in the match. 

Sec. 2. The captains shall be the represen- 
tatives of their respective teams. 
Captains speak to Sec 3. The captains shall toss for choice of 
goals and be entitled to call the attention of 
the officials to any violation of the rules which 
they think has been made. 

Sec. 4. Before the commencement of a 
match ^ach captain shall furnish the scorer 
with a list of her team with their positions. 

RULE VII. 

referee Section i. The Referee in all cases must be 
a thoroughly competent and impartial person. 

Sec 2. The Referee shall be chosen not 
later than four days before the game. 

Sec 3. Before the game begins the referee 
about grounds and shall see that the regulations respecting the 

ball, goal and grounds are adhered to. By 
mutual agreement of the captains, the referee 
may allow alterations in the rules regarding 
grounds and time, but not in goal, ball or 
teams. The referee shall ascertain before the 
commencement of the game the time for be- 
ginning, or any other arrangements that have 
been made by the captains. 



Alterations in rules 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



3* 



• Sec. 4. The referee shall be judge of the Referee judges when 
ball. He shall decide when the ball is in bail is in play and 

, . , , . , , when goal has been 

play, to whom it belongs, and when a goal d 
has been made. 

Sec. 5. Whenever the ball is put in play by B ? n > how put in 
tossing it up the referee shall stand so that he $ lay ' 
shall throw the ball in a plane at right angles 
to the side lines. (It may be thrown from the 
side or from within the field.) 

Sec. 6. The referee shall call time when 
necessary by blowing a whistle. 

Sec. 7. The referee shall call a foul when Referee calls foul 
any officer is addressed by any player other on player who ^ 

, , . speaks to officials. 

than the captains. 

Sec. 8. He is the superior officer of the Cannot alter decision 
game and shall decide all questions not defi- °f umpires. or 
nitely falling to the umpires, but shall have 
no power to alter a decision of the umpires 
or linesmen when it is in regard to matters 
under their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 9. Any team refusing to play within Team refusing to 
three minutes after receiving instructions to P^y forfeits game. 
do so from the referee shall forfeit the game. 

Sec. 10. The referee's term of office shall Referee has no 
only extend from the time the game begins power after game. 
until it is concluded, and his decision award- 
ing the game must then be given. His juris- 
diction shall then end and he shall have no 
longer any power. to act as referee. 

Sec. 11. The referee shall disqualify players Referee disqualifies 
according to Rule XII., section 20. . wen ' 



32 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



RULE VIII. 

umpires. Section i. The umpires in all cases must 
be thoroughly competent and impartial per- 
sons. They shall be chosen one by each 
team. 

Umpire calls fouh. Sec. 2. The umpires shall be judge of the 
players, shall call all fouls, except as provided 
in Rule VII., "section 8, and Rule XL, sec- 
tion 4, 

Umpires not to Sec. 3. The umpires shall make their de- 

question each other's c j s j ons independently of each other, and a 

foul called by one shall not be questioned by 

the other. 

Whistle blown on Sec. 4. Whenever a foul is called the um- 
f oul% pire calling it shall call time by blowing a 

whistle, and indicate the offender. He shall 
notify the scorer of the player fouling and the 
nature of the foul. 

RULE IX. 

scorer. Section i. The scorer shall be appointed by 
the referee. 

Scorers must notify Sec. 2. He shall notify the referee when a 
referee about dis- pi aver should be disqualified, according to 

qualifying player. ^ ^ ^ 

RULE X. 

timekeeper. Section i. A timekeeper shall be appointed 
by the referee. 

Sec. 2. He shall note when the game starts; 
he shall blow his whistle at the expiration 
of twenty minutes' actual playing time in 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



32 



each half ; or the amount of time agreed upon 
previously by captains and referee, according 
to Rule XII., section 9. 

Sec. 3. Time consumed by stoppages dur- Time out on 
ing the game shall be deducted only on order referee s order. 
of the referee. 

RULE XI. 

Section 1. The linesmen shall be appointed linesmen 
by the referee. 

Sec. 2. There shall be 4 linesmen; 2 from 
each side. 

Sec. 3. The linesmen shall stand at the four Position of 
ends of the field lines. Their particular places linesmen - 
shall be given them by the referee. 

Sec. 4. The linesmen shall be judges of Linesmen call line 
fouls made by stepping on or crossing the f ouls - 
field lines, and shall call such fouls. 

RULE XII. 

Section i. A goal made from the field shall the game. 
count 2 points; a goal made from a foul shall Scoring of goals. 
count as 1 point, a goal thrown shall count 
for the side into whose goal the ball is thrown, 
even though it was done by mistake. 

Sec. 2. The referee shall put the ball in play Ball, how and when 
by tossing the ball up in a plane at right angles put in play at centre. 
to the side lines, so that it will drop near the Centre t0 be con ~ 

r spicuously marked 

centre of the field, which shall be indicated 
by a conspicuous mark. This is to be done 
at the opening of the game, at the beginning 
of the second half, and after each goal. 



34 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



it was when time 
was called, except 
when it was outside 



Ball to be touched Sec, 3. After the referee puts the ball in 

first by centres p j ay j n the centre j t must b e fjISt touched by 

one of the centres, who shall have been pre- 
viously indicated to the umpires. Violation 
of this rule constitutes a foul. Both players 
may jump for the ball, the better one, of 
course, gaining the advantage. 

Sec. 4. When two fouls at once, on oppo- 
site sides, are called, they should be thrown 
in succession. The ball should then be put 
in play in the centre. 
After "time" ball Sec. 5. After time has been called the referee 
$oes up at spot where shall put the ball in play by tossing it up in 
such a manner that it will drop near the spot 
where it was when time was called, unless it 
was held out of bounds. In this case play 
shall be resumed at the whistle of the referee, 
as if time had not been called. (Rule VII., 
section 7.) 

Two opponents Sec. 6. The two opponents nearest this spot 

nearest to touch ball, when time was called shall be the first to touch 
the ball after play is resumed. They shall be 
indicated by the umpire. 
Held ball. Sec. 7. When the ball is held by two or 
more players for any length of time the referee 
shall blow his whistle, stop the play and throw 
the ball up from where it was held. (Rule 
VII., section 6; also Rule XII., section 6.) 
Players who "jump" Sec. 8. Whenever the ball is put in play 
for ball must be in the players who are to first touch the ball 
four-foot circle. must not stand further than two feet from the 
spot where the ball is to fall. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



35 



Sec. 9. A game must be decided by the 
winning of the most points in forty minutes' 
playing time, or less time, by previous agree- 
ment of captains and referee. 

Sec. 10. The game shall consist of two Time of halves 
halves of twenty minutes each, with a rest of 
ten minutes between the halves. This is the 
time of actual play. These times may be 
changed by agreement of referee and captains, 

Sec. 11. In case of a tie the game shall con- Requires hvo points 
tinue (without exchanging of goals) until to win in case of tie. 
either side has made two additional points. 
The goals may be made either from field or foul 
line, the team first scoring two points wins. 

Sec. 12. If the goal is moved by an oppo- Goal moved by 
nent when the ball is on the edge of it, 1 point opponent. 
shall be scored. 

Sec. 1 3. The teams shall change goals at the 
end of the first half. 

Sec. 14. When a foul has been made the Free throw mark. 
opposite side shall have a free throw for the 
goal at a distance of fifteen feet from a point 
on the floor directly beneath the centre of the 
goal, measuring towards the opposite goal. 
The player having a free throw shall not cross Thrower must not 
the fifteen-foot line until the ball has entered cross ™ark. 
or missed the goal. If this rulews violated, a 
goal, if made, shall not be scored, and, if 
missed, the ball shall be dead and put in play 
in the centre. The ball cannot be thrown to Balt t0 be thrown at 
any person, but must be thrown at the basket. baskeL 



36 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



Six-foot lane for 
thrower. Penalty 
for crossing line 
before ball reaches 
basket. 



Kicking or using 
fists not allowed. 

Ball not to be 
carried. 



Ball shall not be 
bounded more that 
three times nor 
lower than knee 
height. 



An attempt satisfactory to the referee must be 
made to cage it. 

Sec. 15. No player shall stand nearer than 
six feet to the thrower, nor in a lane six feet 
wide from the thrower to the goal, nor inter- 
fere with the ball until after it reaches the 
goal. The player shall not be interfered with 
in any way whatever, either by players or 
spectators. If this rule is violated, and a goal 
is not made, she shall have another free throw. 
If the goal is not made the ball shall be con- 
sidered in play. The players must stay back 
of the line until the ball has entered or missed 
the goal. 

Sec. 16. The ball may be thrown or batted 
in any direction with one or both hands. 

Sec. 17. The ball shall not be kicked or 
struck with the fists. Violation of this rule 
is a foul. 

Sec. 18. A player shall not carry the ball 
while in bounds. She must play it from the 
spot on which she catches it. Allowance is 
to be made for one who catches it while run- 
ning, providing she throws it at once or stops 
as soon as possible. This shall not be inter- 
preted as interfering with a person's turning 
around without making progress. When a 
ball has been caught with both hands, it shall 
not be bounded on the floor more than three 
times, and that at least knee height, until it 
has been touched by some other player. It 



BASKET BALL FOR WOME*i 



37 



does not interfere with her throwing for goal 
twice or more in succession, even if no other 
player touches it between times. 

Sec. 19. There shall be no tackling, or hold- Holding, etc. 
ing or pushing of an opponent. The arms 
shall not be used in any way to interfere with 
the progress of a player who has not the ball. 
Grasping the clothing or person of a player 
with the hands or putting one or both arms 
about a player shall be called holding. Viola- 
tion of this rule constitutes a foul. 

Sec. 20. There shall be no shouldering, trip- Roughness will 
ping, striking, kicking, hacking or intentional disqualify. 
or unnecessary roughness of any kind. Vio- 
lation of this rule constitutes a foul, and the 
referee may, for the first offence, and shall, 
for the second offence, disqualify the offender. 
A foul is a violation of the rules, whether 
committed unintentionally, ignorantly or other- 
wise. The fact that a foul is made is the only 
guide for the officials in calling the same. 

Sec. 21. A substitute shall be allowed for a Substitute allowed 
player who has been disqualified, and the foul f or disqualified 
made by her shall be counted. player ' 

Sec. 22. Whenever, because of sickness or Five minutes for 
accident to a player, it becomes necessary for 
the referee to call "time," play must be re- 
sumed in five minutes. If the injured player 
is unable to resume play by that time, a sub- 
stitute shall take her place, or the game start 
at once without her. If a substitute takes her 



38 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



play 



place she cannot play again during that game. 
Bail out of bounds. Sec. 23. The ball is out of bounds only 

when it has completely crossed the line. 
Bail roiling in field s EC> 24. When the ball goes out of bounds 
from outside is m an( j rQ jj s or b ounces j n again, play shall con- 
tinue, even though a player may have touched 
it when out of bounds; except, if the whistle 
of the referee is blown, the ball shall then be 
put in play as though it had not returned to 
the field of play. 
Touching the 1 ail When the ball goes out of bounds and 
when outside, remains there, it shall be returned by the 
enoug to gioe pi aver f irs j- touching it. There shall be no 

player right to it. r J <s 

interference with her returning it; that is, no 
portion of the person of an opponent shall be 
outside of the field of play. The ball may 
not be touched by an opponent until it 
Penalty for inter- has crossed the line. If either of these rules 
fering with j s violated, the ball is to be returned to the 
player who had it and the ball again put 
in play at the original place. 
Thrower-in must she may throw the ball in any direction 
into the field of play from any spot (outside 
of bounds) on a line drawn at right angles to 
the boundary line at the point where the 
ball crossed it. The ball must be thrown 
into the field of play. When either of 
these rules is violated th© ball shall go to the 
opponents at the same spot. The ball must be 
thrown to some player and disposed of before 
the player who passed it can again play it. 



stand on line drawn 
at right angles to 
boundary line from 
crossing poin t. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



39 



if doubt about who 
touched first. 



carrying out of 
bounds. 



She is allowed five seconds to hold the ball, Fi ™ seconds to hold 
and if it is held longer it goes to the oppo- balL Ballto s° up 
nents. In case of doubt in the mind of the 
referee as to which player first touched the 
ball, he shall toss it up into the field of play 
at the spot where it went out. 

Sec. 25. When the ball is batted, rolled or foiling, passing and 
passed from the field of play in order to claim 
exemption from interference it shall be given 
to the opponents at the point where it left the 
field of play. When it is passed to a player 
—out of bounds the ball -shall be given to 
the other side. Carrying the ball from the 
field of play is a foul (section 1 7). When the Ball batted out of 
centres are jumping for the ball and one bounds f ram centre, 
of them bats it to out of bounds, it is in play goes 00 er sl e ' 
and shall go to the other side. 

Sec. 26. A goal scored by a player while Goal from outside. 
any part of her person touches the floor out of 
bounds shall not count. In such a case the 
ball shall be put in play in the centre of 
the field. ' .. 

Sec. 27. If a player throws for the goal and Goal counts if 

,, , . ,, c ,, r - ' , • whistle is blown 

the whistle of the referee, umpire or time- , , 77 . . .*s\ 

r when ball is in the 

keeper sounds while the ball is in the air, air , 
and the throw results in a goal, it shall count. 

Sec. 28. When the umpire's whistle sounds Umpire's whistle 
simultaneously with either the referee's or takes precedence ove> 
timekeeper's, the umpire shall take precedence. ie f erees - 

Sec. 29. A goaf scored before the whistle Goals affected by 
can be blown - for a foul made by the f ouls - 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



Winning by 
default. 



Penalty of default- 
ing or forfeiting a 
game. 

Protesting of de- 
cisions of officials. 

Derogatory remarks 
about officials, 



Intentional delay of 
jame. 



team scoring shall not count; but if a player 
while throwing for the goal is fouled by an 
opponent and succeeds in scoring, both shall 
be counted. 

Sec. 30. If only one team puts in an appear- 
ance on the appointed day, the team comply- 
ing with the terms agreed upon shall be 
declared the winner of the game by de- 
fault. 

Sec. 31. When it happens, however, that 
neither team is ready to begin playing at the 
hour appointed for the game, the team which 
completes its members first cannot claim a 
default from its opponent. The latter shall 
be entitled to fifteen minutes' additional time, 
and if then unable to present a full team, 
shall, if required by their opponent, be obliged 
to play short-handed or forfeit the game. 

Sec. 32. A team defaulting or forfeiting a 
game shall be declared the loser by a score of 
2 to o. 

Sec. 33. There shall be no protests against 
the decisions of the officers, except in regard 
to interpretation of rules. 

Sec. 34. Any remarks on the part of a 
player during the progress of the game derog- 
atory in any way to the officials shall be 
called a foul. 

Sec. 35. Any persistent intentional delay of 
the game shall be counted as a foul agains f 
the team so delaying. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



41 



Sec. 36. Two hands on a ball are necessary Player must have 
to secure it. In case of doubt in the mind of both hands on bali 

, _ , . , , ~ , . to secure it. 

the referee as to which player first put her 

two hands on the ball, he shall toss it up at 

the spot where it was held by the players, $na tching or 

In no case may a player remove the ball from batting bail 

the hands of an opposing player, either by f rom an opponent's 

snatching or batting. hands not allowed ' 

Sec. 37. The ball may not be held longer Bal1 held three 
than three seconds. seconds on ^ 

Sec. 38. The ball may not be "juggled;" 
4: e., tossed into the air and caught again to 
evade holding. 

Sec. 39. Crossing field lines with any part Field lines ma y not 
of the body constitutes a foul. be croseed ' 

Sec. 40. No player may lean or reach over 
another player. 

Sec. 41. No player may hand the ball to 
another player. The ball must be thrown to 
another player. 

RULE XIII. 

FOULS. 

Section i. All fouls shall be called by the 
umpires, except as provided in Rule VII., 
section 7, and Rule XI., section 4. 

Sec. 2. Fouls are classified according to fouls. 
their penalties, as follows: See Rule XII., 
section 14. 

GENERAL FOULS. 
1. Players addressing officers. (Rule VII., 
section 7.) 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



2. Touching ball in centre. (Rule XII., 
section 3.) 

3. Kicking or striking ball. (Rule XII., 
section 17.) 

4. Carrying ball. (Rule XII., section 18 — 
section 25.) 

5. Bounding the ball more than three times 
or lower than the knee. (Rule XII., sec- 
tion 18.) 

6. Holding more than three seconds. (Rule 
XII., section 37.) 

7. Delaying game. (Rule XII., section. 35.) 

8. Tackling, holding, pushing opponents. 
(Rule XII., section 19.) 

9. Snatching or batting ball from hands of 
an opponent. (Rule XII., section 36.) 

10. Juggling. (Rule XII., section 38.) 

11. Crossing or stepping on the field lines. 
(Rule XII., section 39.) 

12. Leaning or reaching over another play- 
er. (Rule XII., section 40.) 

13. Handing the ball to another player. 
(Rule XII., section 41.) 

FOULS FOR WHICH PL A YERS MA Y BE 
DISQUALIFIED— R O UGHNESS. 

1. Striking. 

2. Kicking. 

3. Shouldering. 

4. Tripping. 

5. Hacking. 

6. Unnecessarily rough play. 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 43 

Officials are expected to be as strict as pos- Officials to be strict 

sible. In all cases not covered by these rules and t0 s° h s P irit 

officials are to use their own jndgment, in °f rules - 
accord with the general spirit of the rules. 



Y 



44 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



BASKET 



LEFT FORWARD RIGHT FORWARD 



3 

CENTRE 



LEFT GUARD 



5 

RIGHT GUARD 



BASKET 



Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Five on Team 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



45 




BASKET 

I 

LEFT FORWARD 



2 

RIGHT FORWARD 



3 

LEFT CENTRE 



4 

RIGHT CENTRE 



5 

LEFT GUARD 

6 

RIGHT GUARD 



BASKET 




Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Six on Team 



4 6 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 




BASKET 



I 

LEFT FORWARD 



2 

RIGHT FORWARD 



3 

LEFT FORWARD CENTRE 

4 

CENTRE 



5 

LEFT BACK CENTRE 



6 

RIGHT GUARD 

7 

LEFT GUARD 

BASKET 




Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Seven on Team 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



47 





1 

BASKET 

HOME 

2 

RIGHT FORWARD 

3 

LEFT FORWARD 




4 

FORWARD CENTRE 

5 

BACK CENTRE 




6 

RIGHT GUARD 

7 

LEFT GUARD 

BASKET 

^ J®* GOAL GUARD 

T 



Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Eight on Team 



4 8 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



BASKET 



HOME 



LEFT FORWARD 



RIGHT FORWARD 



4 

LEFT FORWARD CENTRE 

5 

CENTRE 

6 

LEFT BACK CENTRE 



7 

RIGHT GUARD 

8 

LEFT GUARD 

9 

GOAL GUARD 
BASKET 




! 



Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Nine on Team 



BASKET HALL FOR WOMEN 



49 



BASKET 



HOME 



LEFT FORWARD 



RIGHT FORWARD 



LEFT FORWARD CENTRE RIGHT FORWARD CENTRE 



6 

LEFT BACK CENTRE 



RIGHT BACK CENTRE 



9 

LEFT GUARD 



8 

RIGHT GUARD 



GOAL GUARD 
BASKET 



Diagram of Field, Showing Position of Ten on Team 



50 



BASKET BALL FOR WOMEN 



HOW TO SCORE BASKET BALL 
Jt 

By Luther Gulick, M. D. 

A SCORE BOOK is almost a necessity to the manager of a 
team who wishes to keep accurate record of all the players; 
who made the fouls, and what kind of fouls; who made the 
goals, and under what conditions they were made. A sample page 
for a single team is herewith given. In the first column is found the 
names of the team and the players; in the second column, the goals 
that were made during the first half. In this column will be found 
three sets of marks : an X, which is a goal from the field; an O, 
which is an attempted goal from a free throw, hut which was missed, 
and an X inside of an O, which means a goal thrown from a free 
throw. The X, of course, counts two points, the O nothing and the 
X inside of an O, one point. At the bottom of the column is the 
total number of points made during that half. In the third column 
are the fouls. First, is Ai. By referring to the bottom of the page, 
under the head of FOULS, we see that Ai is for addressing officer 
— vii., 7. This foul, together with A5 and A4, was made by John 
Allen. If A. B. Mark had made another Class B foul, he would have 
been disqualified. In the second half, the captain thought that C. R. 
Rocks would best make the free throws, but after two failures, he 
went back to John Allen, who scored two. A score kept in this 
way is of the greatest value, and without it a scientific estimate of 
the players is hardly possible. 



spalding's athletic library. 



SPALDING'S BASKET BALL GOODS 




Extract from 
the Official 
Rules. 
Rule H. Ball. 

Sec. 3. The ball 
made by A. G. 
Spa 1 d i D g & 
Bros, shall be 
the official ball. 
Official ballswill 
be stamped as 
herewith, and 
will be in sealed 
boxes. 

Sec. 4. The 
official ball must 
be used in all 
match games. 



Officially adopted and must be used in all match games. The 
cover is made in eight sections, with capless ends and of the 
finest and most carefully selected pebble grain leather. The 
bladder is made specially for this ball, of extra quality Para rub- 
ber. Each ball packed, complete, in sealed box, and guaranteed 
perfect in every detail. 

The Spalding "Official" Basket Ball. 
No. 1*1. Each, $5.00 

Extra Bladders 

No. OM. For above. Each, $1.25 



Handsomely Illustrated Catalogue of all Athletic Sports Mailed Free to 
any Address. 



A G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Incorporated 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



spalding's athletic library. 



SPALDING'S BASKET BALL GOODS 




Spalding's "Official' 
Basket Ball Goals. 
No. 80. 
Per pair, $4.00 



EXTRACT FROM THE 
OFFICIAL RULES. 

RULE III— GOALS. 
Sec. 3. The Goal made by 
A. G. Spalding & Bros. 

shall be the official goal. 



Outdoor Goals 

Outdoor Basket Ball Goals 
Uprights, and Net Frame. De 
signed for lawns, schoolyards, 
outdoor gymnasiums and play- /fm^ 
grounds. Everything complete HEj" 
for setting up. 

No. 160= V 

Per pair, complete, $30.00 Ik *~ 



Basket Ball Score Books 

No. I . Paper Cover, 

io games. . Each, 10c. 
No. 2. Paper Cover, 

25 games. . Each, 25c. 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Incorporated 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



SPALDING'S BASKET BALL GOODS 




SPALDING 
" SPECIAL, No. E.» 

Fine English pebble grain 
leather case. The bladder of 
the purest Para rubber and 
guaranteed. Each ball com- 
plete in sealed box. 

No. E. Each, $4.00 

SPALDING 
"STANDARD, No. IS" 

Fine leather cover, regula- 
tion size. Each ball complete 
in box with bladder. 

No. 16. Each, $3.00 



SPALDING 
"PRACTICE, No. 18" 

Good quality leather cover, 
regulation size. Each ball 
complete in box with bladder. 

No. 18. Each, $2.00 

EXTRA BLADDERS 

For above bags. 
No. 27. Each, 60c. 



Handsomely Illustrated Catalogue of all Athletic Sports Mailed Free to 
any Address. 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Incorporated 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's athletic library. 



SPALDING'S BASKET BALL GOODS 



SPALDING'S 

COMBINATION GLOVE AND WRIST SUPPORTER 




Designed by H. B. Conibear, Trainer, University 
of Chicago. The back of the hand is protected 
by a piece of sole leather and any strain to the 
wrist is avoided by leather strap supporter 
which forms the upper part of the glove. The 
glove does not interfere with the free use of 
the hand and those in use last season were 
highly commended by the players. 

Made for right or left hand. 
No. 1. Each, $1.00 

Handsomely Illustrated Catalogue of Fall and Winter Sports 
Mailed Free to any Address. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Incorporated 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 




THE SPALDING •• CHAMPIONSHIP " HOCKEY STICK 

The Spalding "Championship" Hockey Stick is made of the finest selected Canadian rock elm. and is 
exclusively used and endorsed by the Victoria team of Winnipeg, Champions of the World, and by the famous 
Shamrock team of Montreal, former champions. These sticks will not fray at the bottom where the sticks come 
in contact with the ice, and will retain their shape under all conditions. The very important matter of weight and 
balance has been carefully considered, and the "Spalding Stick" Is much lighter, yet stronger, than any on the 
market Forward and Defence Sticks on hand at all times. 

No. O. Spalding " Championship " Stick. Each, 76c. 



Spalding's Youths' "Championship" Stick 

Made on the same lines and of the same material as our 
Championship Stick, but smaller in size 
No. OB. Yi uths" "Championship.' Each, 50c. 
Spalding's •« Regulation " Stick 
Made of selected and well-seasoned timber and on the 
same lines as our best grade stick. 
.No. I . " Regulation " Stick. Each, 60c. 



Spalding's "Practice" Stick 

Made of good quality timber. Regulation size. A very 
serviceable stick. o 
No 2. "Practice" Stick. Each, 25c. 
Spalding's Youths' Stick 
A very strong and serviceable stick for boys. 
Painted all red. 
Youths' SU'ck. Each, 25c. 




No. 3. 
HOCKEY PUCKS 

The Spalding Trade Mark Puck has been adopted as the Official Puck of 
Canadian Amateur Hockey League." 
No 13. Official Puck. Each. 50c. 

No. 15. Practice Puck . " 25c. 



Complete Catalog** of -Athletic Sports Mailed Free. 

A G. SPALDING & BROS., 



NEW YORK. 



CHICAGO. 



INCORPORATED 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC GOODS 



The 



Spalding 
Official 

Striking 
Bag 



Made 
of the 
highest 
qualityPatna 
Kid, the light- 
est and most dur- 
a b 1 e of leather. 
Sewed with silk, 
double stitched and re- 
inforced at all points 
subject to greatest wear. 
- This is the bag used in all ex- 
hibition work on account of 
its lightness and speed. The 
bladder is made of pure Para gum. 
, ? A finer bag cannot be made at any 
price. Complete in box. 

Illustrated Catalogue 

free 



$7.00 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Incorporated 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's athletic library. 



The SPALDINg"H. VARDON'Wf CLUBS 

A. G. Spalding & Bros., Exclusive Makers 

THE "H. VARDON" clubs repre- 
sent a "standard" in club making 
by which the quality of all other 
makes will in future be measured. 
With them Vardon won the American 
Open Championship, beating the best 
man the old world could pioduce; with 
them he broke the records on nearly 
every first-class course in America, and 
with one exception, beat every indi- 
vidual player he met. His verdict after 
using them for a j'ear is: "They are 
the best finished, best balanced and the 
nicest clubs I ever played with." 

Mr. Vardon has arranged to have his 
own head club maker, from his work- 
shop at Ganton, England, inspect all 
his clubs before leaving our factory, at 
Chicopee Falls, Mass. He has made 
Vardon's clubs for years, and his sole 
duty with us will be to see that every 
club is perfect in lie and model, and that the shaft has the spring in the right place, 
which is really the secret of long driving. 

"The Vardon" Clubs are made in the following styles 
only: Driver, Brassie, Cleek, Driving Mashie, Mid- 
Iron No. i, Light Iron No. 2, Niblic, Mashie Iron, 
Mashie, Putting Cleek, Putter. 

"H. VARDON" Driver and Brassie, . . Each, $2.50 
"H. VARDON" Iron Clubs, .... Each, $2.00 

A full line of Athletic Goods for all sports found in 
complete catalogue. Mailed free on application. 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



Spalding's athletic library. 




Spalding's athletic library. 




n 



Game of Roque 
Complete Sets 

Expert Set — consisting of four expert mallets, made in 
accordance with League regulations; four gutta percha 
balls, regulation size, and guaranteed unbreakable; ten 
hard wood sockets nicely finished; ten steel wire irches, 
frosted finish, a book of rules. All put up in handsomely 
finished box with brass clasp and padlock. 

No. DC. Set Complete, $50.00 

We shall also make up a cheaper set and are prepared to 
furnish mallets and balls separate. Prices on application. 



New York. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 



Chicago. 



Denver. 



Spalding's athletic library. 




| and Equipments 

| J99-201 MADISON STREET | 

% CHICAGO 1 

1 SEND FOR CATALOGUE M 



JUN 17! 1902 



042 014 116 6 

SPALDING'S 



HOME LIBRARY 



Devoted to games and amuse- 
ments for the home circle 



1 Chess 

2 Whist 

3 Dominoes and Dice 

4 Poker 

5 Backgammon 

6 Euchre 

7 Billiards 

8 Ecarte 

9 Checkers 

10 Bezique 

11 Pool 

12 Pinochle 

13 Loto 

14 Hearts 

15 Reversi 



16 Piquet 

17 Go-Bang 

18 Games of Patience 

19 Children's Games 

20 Cribbage 

21 Drawing Room Games 

22 Group of Card Games 

23 Children's Games 

24 Group of Card Games 

25 Drawing Room Games 

26 Group of Card Games 

27 Children's Games 

28 Skat 

29 Drawing Room Games 

30 Baccarat 



PRICE, TEN CENTS 




American Sports Publishing £o 

16-18 Park Place, New York 




Spalding's athletic library. 




This is a fac-simile of the Grand Prize 

Awarded to 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

for the finest and most complete line of basket ball 
and athletic goods exhibited at the Universal Expo- 
sition', Paris, 1900. We have brought this medal 
to America in competition with the leading 
makers of the world. It is the highest award 
given for any exhibit and is exclusively granted 
for the best goods in that particular class. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

(incorporated) 

NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER 



